Stealth forces in weight loss

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The field of weight loss is like the ancient fable about the blind men & the elephant. Each man investigates a different part of the animal và reports back, only lớn discover their findings are bafflingly incompatible.

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A. The various findings by public-health experts, physicians, psychologists, geneticists, molecular biologists, và nutritionists are about as similar as an elephant"s tusk is lớn its tail Some say obesity is largely predetermined by our genes and biology; others attribute it khổng lồ an overabundance of fries, soda, and screen-sucking; still others think we"re fat because of viral infection, insulin, or the metabolic conditions we encountered in the womb. "Everyone subscribes khổng lồ their own little theory," says Robert Berkowitz, medical director of the Center for Weight và Eating Disorders at the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine. We"re programmed khổng lồ hang onto the fat we have, and some people are predisposed khổng lồ create & carry more fat than others. Diet và exercise help, but in the end the solution will inevitably be more complicated than pushing away the plate & going for a walk. "It"s not as simple as "You"re fat because you"re lazy,"" says Nikhil Dhurandhar, an associate professor at Pennington Biomedical Research Center in Baton Rouge. "Willpower is not a prerogative of thin people. It"s distributed equally."

B. Science may still be years away from giving US a miracle formula for fat-loss. Hormone leptin is a crucial player in the brain"s weight-management circuitry Some people produce too little leptin; others become desensitized lớn it. And when obese people chiến bại weight, their leptin levels plummet along with their metabolism. The toàn thân becomes more efficient at using fuel and conserving fat, which makes it tough lớn keep the weight off. Obese dieters" bodies go into a state of chronic hunger, a feeling Rudolph Leibel, an obesity researcher at Columbia University, compares khổng lồ thirst. "Some people might be able to lớn tolerate chronic thirst, but the majority couldn"t stand it," says Leibel "Is that a behavioral problem—a lack of willpower? I don"t think so."

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C. The government has tong espoused moderate daily exercise—of the evening-walk or take-the-stairs variety—but that may not vày much to lớn budge the needle on the scale. A 150-pound person burns only 150 calories on a half-hour walk, the equivalent of two apples. It"s good for the heart, less so for the gut "Radical changes are necessary," says Deirdre Barrett, a psychologist at Harvard Medical School và author of Waistland "People don"t thua weight by choosing the small fries or taking a little walk every other day." Barrett suggests taking a cue from the members of the National Weight Control Registry (NWCR), a self-selected group of more than 5,000 successful weight-losers who have shed an average of 66 pounds & kept it off 5.5 years. Some registry members lost weight using tow-carb diets; some went low-fat; others eliminated refined foods. Some did it on their own; others relied on counseling. That said, not everyone can chiến bại 66 pounds & not everyone needs to. The goal shouldn"t be getting thin, but getting healthy. It"s enough to whittle your weight down lớn the tow over of your phối range, says Jeffrey Friedman, a geneticist at Rockefeller University. Losing even 10 pounds vastly decreases your risk of diabetes, heart disease, và high blood pressure. The point is to lớn not give up just because you don"t took like a swimsuit model.

D. The negotiation between your genes và the environment begins on day one. Your optimal weight, writ by genes, appears to get edited early on by conditions even before birth, inside the womb. If a woman has high blood-sugar levels while she"s pregnant, her children are more likely lớn be overweight or obese, according to a study of almost 10,000 mother-child pairs. Maternal diabetes may influence a child"s obesity risk through a process called metabolic imprinting, says Teresa Hillier, an endocrinologist with Kaiser Permanente"s Center for Health Research và the study"s lead author. The implication is clear: Weight may be established very early on, & obesity largely passed from mother lớn child Numerous studies in both animals and humans have shown that a mother"s obesity directly increases her child"s risk for weight gain. The best advice for moms-to-be: Get fit before you get pregnant. You"ll reduce your risk of complications during pregnancy và increase your chances of having a normal-weight child

E. It"s the $64,000 question: Which diets work? It got people wondering: Isn"t there a better way lớn diet? A study seemed lớn offer an answer. The paper compared two groups of adults: those who, after eating, secreted high levels of insulin, a hormone that sweeps blood sugar out of the bloodstream & promotes its storage as fat, và those who secreted less. Within each group, half were put on a tow-fat diet & half on a tow-glycemic-toad diet. On average, the tow-insulin-secreting group fared the same on both diets, losing nearly 10 pounds in the first six months — but they gained about half of it back by the over of the 18-month study. The high-insulin group didn"t bởi as well on the tow-fat plan, losing about 4.5 pounds, & gaining back more than half by the over But the most successful were the high- insulin-secretors on the low-glycemic-toad diet. They lost nearly 13 pounds and kept it off.

F. What if your fat is caused not by diet or genes, but by germs—say, a virus? It sounds like a sci-fi horror movie, but research suggests some dimension of the obesity epidemic may be attributable lớn infection by common viruses, says Dhurandhar. The idea of “infectobesity” came to lớn him trăng tròn years ago when he was a young doctor treating obesity in Bombay. He discovered that a local avian virus, SMAM-1, caused chickens to lớn die, sickened with organ damage but also, strangely, with tots of abdominal fat. In experiments, Dhurandhar found that SMAM-l-infected chickens became obese on the same diet as uninfected ones, which stayed svelte.

G. He later moved to lớn the U.S. & onto a bona fide human virus, adenovirus 36 (AD-36). In the lab, every species of animal Dhurandhar infected with the virus became obese—chickens got fat, mice got fat, even rhesus monkeys at the zoo that picked up the virus from the environment suddenly gained 15 percent of their toàn thân weight upon exposure. In his latest studies, Dhurandhar has isolated a gen that, when blocked from expressing itself, seems khổng lồ turn off the virus"s fattening power. Stem cells extracted from fat cells và then exposed to AD-36 reliably blossom into fat cells—but when stem cells are exposed lớn an AD-36 virut with the key gen inhibited, the stems cells don’t differentiate. The gene appears khổng lồ be necessary và sufficient to lớn trigger AD-36-related obesity, và the goal is to lớn use the research to lớn create a sort of obesity vaccine.

Researchers have discovered 10 microbes so far that trigger obesity—seven of them viruses. It may be a long shot, but for people struggling desperately to lớn be thin, even the possibility of an alternative cause of obesity offers some solace. "They feel better knowing there may be something beyond them that could be responsible,” says Dhurandhar. "The thought that there could be something besides what they"ve heard all their lives—that they are greedy and lazy—helps.”

Questions 14-18

Reading Passage 2 has five sections, A-G.

Which section contains the following information? Write the correct letter, A-Q in boxes 14-18 on your answer sheet.

NB You may use any letter more than once.

14 evaluation on the effect of weight loss on different kind of diets

15 an example of research which include relatives of participants

16 Example of a group of people who never regain weight immediately after.

17 tong term hunger may appear khổng lồ be acceptable lớn most of the participants while losing weight

18 a continuous experiment may bad to a practical application besides diet or hereditary resort.

Questions 19-23

Look at the following researchers và the list of findings below. Match each researcher with the correct finding.

Write the correct letter in boxes 19-23 on your answer sheet.

List of Researchers

A Robert Berkowitz 

B Rudolph Leibel

C Nikhil Dhurandhar

D Deirdre Barrett

E Jeffrey Friedman

F Teresa Hillier

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19 A person’s weight is predetermined to a phối point by the DNA.

20 Pregnant mother who are overweight may risk their fetus

21 The aim of losing Wright should be keeping healthy rather than attractiveness

22 mall changes in lifestyle will not have great impact on reducing much weight

23 Researchers should be divided into different groups with their own point of view about weight loss.

Questions 24-27

Complete the summery below.

Choose NO MORE THAN ONE WORD from the passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 24-27 on your answer sheet.

In Bombay Clinic, a young doctor who came up with the concept "infect obesity" believed that the obesity is caused by a kind of virus, Years of experiment that he conducted on 24........................... Later he moved to lớn America & tested on a new vi khuẩn named 25 ........................... Which proved khổng lồ be a significant breakthrough. Although there seems no way lớn eliminate the virus, a kind of 26 ...........................can be separated as lớn block the expressing power nguồn of the virus. The doctor future is aiming at developing a new 27 ...........................to effectively combating the virus.

Section 3

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Bright Children

A. BY the time Laszlo Polgar’s first baby was born in 1969 he already had film views on child- rearing. An eccentric citizen of communist Hungary, he had written a book called "Bring up Genius r & one of his favourite sayings was “Geniuses are made, not bom77. An expert on the theory of chess, he proceeded to teach little Zsuzsa at home, spending lip to lớn tm hours a day on the game. Two more daughters were similarly hot-housed. All three obliged then father by becoming world-class players. The youngest, Judit, is currently ranked 13th in the world, và is by far the best female chess player of all time. Would the experiment have succeeded with a different trio of children? If any child can he turned into a star, then a lot of time and money are being wasted worldwide on trying khổng lồ pick winners.

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B. America has long held “talent searches”, using chạy thử results & teacher recommendations khổng lồ select children for advanced school courses, summer schools & other extra tuition. This provision is set khổng lồ grow. In his state-of-the-union address in 2006, President George Buah announced the “American Competitiveness Initiative”, which, among much else, would train 70,000 high-school teachers to lead advanced courses for selected pupils in mathematics và science. Just as the superpowers" space race made Congress put money into science education, the thought of china and India turning out hundreds of thousands of engineers & scientists is scaring America into prodding its brightest to do their best.

C. The philosophy behind this talent search is that ability is innate; that it can be diagnosed with considerable accuracy, và that it is worth cultivating. In America, bright children are ranked as “moderately”, "highly”, "exceptionally” và “profoundly” gifted. The only chance to influence innate ability is thought to lớn be in the womb or the first couple of years of life. Hence the fed for “teaching aids” such as videos & flashcards for newborns, and “whale sounds* on tape which a pregnant mother can strap to lớn her belly.

D. In Britain, there Í 5 a broadly similar belief in die existence of innate talent, but also an egalitarian sentiment which makes people queasy about the idea of investing resources in grooming intelligence. Teachers are often opposed to separate provision for the best-performing children, saying any extra help should go to stragglers. In 2002, in a bid lớn help the able while leaving intact die ban on most selection by ability in state schools, the government get up the National Acadony for Gifted & Talented Youth. This outfit runs summer schools và masts- classes for children nominated by then schools. Lớn date, though, only seven in ten secondary schools have nominated even a single child. Last year all schools were told they must supply the names of their vị trí cao nhất 10%.

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E. Picking winners is also the order of the day in ex-communist states, a hangover from the times when talented individuals were plucked from their homes & ruthlessly trained far die glory of the notion. But in many other countries, opposition lớn the idea of singling out talent and grooming it runs deep. In Scandinavia, a belief in virtues lượt thích modesty & social solidarity makes people flinch from die idea of treating brainy children differently.

F. Và in nhật bản there is a widespread belief that all children are born with the some innate abilities—and should therefore be treated alike. All are taught together, covering the same syllabus at the same Tate until they finish compulsory schooling. Those who team quickest are expected then khổng lồ teach their classmates. In China, extra teaching is provided, but khổng lồ a self-selected hunch. “Children"s palaces"’ in big cities offer a huge range of after-school classes. Anyone can sign up; all that is asked is excellent attendance.

G. Statistics give little clue as khổng lồ which system is best. The performance of the most able is heavily affected by factors other than state provision. Most state education in Britain is nominally rum-selective, but middle-class parents try khổng lồ live near die best schools. Ambitious Japanese parents have made private, out-of-school tuition a thriving business. & Scandinavia"s egalitarianism might work less well in places with more diverse populations và less competent teachers. For what it"s worth, the data suggest that some countries—like nhật bản and Finland, see table—can eschew selection và still thrive. But that does not mean that any country can ditch selection and do as well.

H. Mr Polgar thought any child could be a prodigy given the right teaching, an early start và enough practice. At one point he planned to lớn prove it by adopting three baby boys from a poor country và toying his methods on them. (His wife vetoed the scheme.) Some say the key khổng lồ success is simply hard graft. Judit, the youngest of the Polgar sisters, was the most driven, and the most successful; Zsofia, the middle one, was regarded as the most talented, but she was the only one who did not achieve the status of grand master. “Everything came easiest lớn her,” said her older sister. “But she was lazy.”

Questions 28-33

Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 3? In boxes 28-33 on your answer sheet, write

YES if the statement is true
NO if the statement is false
NOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage

28 America has a long history of selecting talented students into different categories.

29 Teachers & schools in Britain held welcome attitude towards government"s selection of gifted students.

30 Some parents agree lớn move near reputable schools in Britain.

31 Middle-class parents participate in theft children’s education.

32 japan and Finland comply with selected student’s policy.

33 Avoiding-selection-policy only works in a specific environment.

Questions 34-35

Choose the correct letter, A, B, c or D.

Write your answers in boxes 34-35 on your answer sheet.

34 What"s Laszlo Polgar"s point of view towards geniuses of children?

A Chess is the best way lớn train geniuses 

B Genius tend to lớn happen on first child

C Geniuses can be educated later on

D Geniuses are born naturally

35 What is the purpose of citing Zsofia"s example in the last paragraph?

A Practice makes genius 

B Girls are not good at chessing

C She was an adopted child

D Middle child is always the most talented

Questions 36-40

Use the information in the passage lớn match the countries (listed A-E) with correct connection below. Write the appropriate letters A-E in boxes 36-40 on your answer sheet.

A Scandinavia

B Japan

C Britain

D China

E America

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36 Less gifted children get help from other classmates

37 Attending extra teaching is open to anyone

38 People are reluctant lớn favor gifted children due to lớn social characteristics

39 Both view of innate và egalitarian co-existed

40 Craze of audio and đoạn clip teaching for pregnant women.

Reading thử nghiệm 33

Section 1

You should spend about đôi mươi minutes on Questions which are based on Reading Passage 1 on the following pages.

Section A: A decibel Hell:

It’s not difficult for a person khổng lồ encounter sound at levels that can cause adverse health effects. During a single day, people living in a typical urban environment can experience a wide range of sounds in many locations, even once-quiet locales have become polluted with noise. In fact, it’s difficult today to lớn escape sound completely. In its 1999 Guidelines for predicting Community Noise, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared "Worldwide, noise-induced hearing impairment is the most prevalent irreversible occupational hazard, và it is estimated that 120 million people worldwide have disabling hearing difficulties." Growing evidence also points to lớn many other health effects of too much volume.

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Mark Stephenson, a Cincinnati, Ohio-based senior research audiologist at the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), says his agency’s definition of hazardous noise is sound that exceeds the time-weighted average of 85 dBA, meaning the average noise exposure measured over a typical eight-hour work day. Other measures và definitions are used for other purposes.

Section B: Growing Volume

In the United States, about 30 million workers are exposed to lớn hazardous sound levels on the job, according lớn NIOSH. Industries having a high number of workers exposed to lớn bud sounds include construction, agriculture, mining, manufacturing, utilities, transportation, và the military.

Noise in U.S industry is an extremely difficult problem khổng lồ monitor, acknowledges Craig Moulton, a senior industrial hygienist for the Occupational Safety & Health Administration (OSHA). "Still," he says, "OSHA does require that any employer with workers overexposed to noise provide protection for those employees against the harmful effects of noise. Additionally, employers must implement a continuing, effective hearing conservation program as outlined in OSHA’s Noise Standard"

Section C: Scary Sound Effects

Numerous scientific studies over the years have confirmed that exposure to certain levels of sound can damage hearing. Prolonged exposure can actually change the structure of the hair cells in the inner ear, resulting in hearing toss. It can also cause tinnitus, a ringing, roaring, buzzing, or clicking in the ears.

NIOSH studies from the mid to lớn late 1990s show that 90% of coal miners have hearing impairment by age 52—compared khổng lồ 9% of the general population—and 70% of male metal/nonmetal miners will experience hearing impairment by age 60 (Stephenson notes that from adolescence onward, females tend khổng lồ have better hearing than males). Neitzel says nearly half of all construction workers have some degree of hearing toss. "NIOSH research also reveals that by age twenty-five, the average carpenter’s hearing is equivalent khổng lồ an otherwise healthy fifty-year-old male who hasn’t been exposed to lớn noise," he says.

William Luxford, medical director of the House Ear Clinic of St Vincent Medical Center in Los Angeles, points out one piece of good news: "It"s true that continuous noise exposure will lead to lớn the continuation of hearing toss, but as soon as the exposure is stopped, the hearing toss stops. So a change in environment can improve a person’s hearing health."

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Research is catching up with this anecdotal evidence. In the July 2001 issue of Pediatrics, researchers from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reported that, based on audiometric testing of 5,249 children as part of the Third National Health & Nutrition, Examination Survey, an estimated 12.5% of American children have noise-induced hearing threshold shifts — or dulled hearing — in one or both ears. Most children with noise-induced hearing threshold shifts have only limited hearing damage, but continued exposure to excessive noise can lead lớn difficulties with high-frequency sound discrimination. The report listed stereos, music concerts, toys (such as toy telephones & certain rattles), lawn mowers, and fireworks as producing potentially harmful sounds.

Section D: Beyond the Ears

The effects of sound don’t stop with the ears. Nonauditory effects of noise exposure are those effects that don"t cause hearing toss but still can be measured, such as elevated blood pressure, toss of sleep, increased heart rate, cardiovascular constriction, labored breathing, & changes in brain chemistry.

The nonauditory effects of noise were noted as early as 1930 in a study published by E.L. Smith và D.L. Laird in volume 2 of the Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. The results showed that exposure lớn noise caused stomach contractions in healthy human beings. Reports on noise"s nonauditory effects published since that pioneering study have been both contradictory & controversial in some areas.

Bronzaft and the school principal persuaded the school board to lớn have acoustical tile installed in the classrooms adjacent lớn the tracks. The Transit Authority also treated the tracks near the school khổng lồ make them less noisy. A follow-up study published in the September 1981 issue of the Journal of Environmental Psychology found that children"s reading scores improved after these interventions were put in place.

Section E: Fighting for Quiet

Anti-noise activists say that Europe & several countries in Asia are more advanced than the United States in terms of combating noise. "Population pressure has prompted Europe lớn move more quickly on the noise issue than the United States has," Hume says. In the European Union, countries with cities of at least 250,000 people are creating noise maps of those cities khổng lồ help leaders determine noise pollution policies. Paris has already prepared its first noise maps. The map data, which must be finished by 2007, will be fed into computer models that will help test the sound impact of street designs or new buildings before construction begins.

Activists in other countries say they too want the United States to lớn play a more leading role on the noise issue. But as in other areas of environmental health, merely having a more powerful government agency in place that can phối more regulations is not the ultimate answer, according lớn other experts. Bronzaft stresses that governments worldwide need to lớn increase funding for noise research và do a better job coordinating their noise pollution efforts so they can establish health and environmental policies based on solid scientific research. "Governments have a responsibility lớn protect their citizens by curbing noise pollution," she says.

Questions 1-5

Complete the summary below.

Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet.

Nowadays it seems difficult for people to avoid the effects of living in a noisy world. Noise is the sound beyond average of 1........................ Referring to the agency"s definition. Scientific studies over the years from the mid to late 1990s have confirmed that exposure khổng lồ certain levels of sound can cause damage 2........................on certain senior age.

From the testing of 5,249 children, those who are constantly exposed khổng lồ excessive noise may have trouble in 3........................ Sound discrimination. The effects of sound don"t stop with the ears, exposure to noise may lead khổng lồ unease of 4........................in healthy people. Europe has taken steps on the noise issue, big cities of over 250,000 people are creating 5........................to help creating noise pollution policies.

Questions 6-10

Look at the following researchers và the menu of findings below. Match each researcher with the correct finding.

Write the correct letter in boxes 6-10 on your answer sheet.

List of people or orgnisations

A WHO

B William Luxford (the House Ear Clinic),

C Carig Moulton (OSHA)

D Arline Bronzaft

E Centers for Disease Control & Prevention

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6 People can change the environment to lớn improve hearing health.

7 Government should continue the research on anti-noise researches with fund

8 companies should be required to protect the employees to lớn avoid noise

9 Noise has posed effect on American children children"s hearing ability

10 noise has seriously affected human being where they live worldwide

Questions 11-13

11 The board of schools built close to the tracks are convinced to

A moved the classrooms away from the noisy track 

B regulated the track usage lớn a less extent

C utilised a special material into classroom buildings lessening the effect of outside noise

D oganised a team for a follow-up study

12 In the European countries, the big cities’ research on noise focuses on

A How khổng lồ record pollution details of the thành phố on maps 

B the impact of noise on population shift in the European cities

C how wide can a thành phố be khổng lồ avoid noise pollution

D helping the authorities better make a decision on management of the city

13 What is the best title of paragraph 1?

A How people cope with noise pollutions 

B the fight against the noise with the powerful technology

C The Effects of Living in a Noisy World

D The Effects of noise on children’s learning

Section 2

Is Graffiti Art or Crime?

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A. The term graffiti derives from the Italian graffio meaning "scratching" and can be defined as uninvited markings or writing scratched or applied khổng lồ objects, built structures & natural features. It is not a new phenomenon: examples can be found on ancient structures around the world, in some cases predating the Greeks và Romans. In such circumstances it has acquired invaluable historical & archaeological significance, providing a social history of life và events at that time. Graffiti is now a problem that has become pervasive, as a result of the availability of cheap & quick means of mark-making.

B. It is usually considered a priority khổng lồ remove graffiti as quickly as possible after it appears. This is for several reasons. The first is lớn prevent "copy-cat" emulation which can occur rapidly once a clean surface is defaced. It may also be of a racist or otherwise offensive nature & many companies and councils have a policy of removing this type of graffiti within an hour or two of it being reported. Also, as paints, glues and inks dry out over time they can become increasingly difficult to lớn remove and are usually best dealt with as soon as possible after the incident. Graffiti can also lead lớn more serious forms of vandalism and, ultimately, the deterioration of an area, contributing khổng lồ social decline.

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C. Although graffiti may be regarded as an eyesore, any proposal to remove it from sensitive historic surfaces should be carefully considered: techniques designed for more robust or utilitarian surfaces may result in considerable damage. In the event of graffiti incidents, it is important that the owners of buildings or other structures và their consultants are aware of the approach they should take in dealing with the problem. The police should be informed as there may be other related attacks occurring locally. An incidence pattern can identify possible culprits, as can stylised signatures or nicknames, known as "tags, which may already be familiar khổng lồ local police. Photographs are useful lớn record graffiti incidents và may assist the police in bringing a prosecution. Such images are also required for insurance claims, and can be helpful lớn cleaning operatives, allowing them to lớn see the problem area before arriving on site.

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D. There are a variety of methods that are used to lớn remove graffiti. Broadly these divide between chemical và mechanical systems. Chemical preparations are based on dissolving the media; these solvents can range from water to potentially hazardous chemical "cocktails". Mechanical systems such as wire-brushing và grit-blasting attempt khổng lồ abrade or cpu the media from the surface. Care should be taken lớn comply with health and safety legislation with regard lớn the protection of both passers-by và any person carrying out the cleaning, operatives should follow hàng hóa guidelines in terms of application & removal, & wear the appropriate protective equipment. Measures must be taken lớn ensure that run-off, aerial mists, drips and splashes vì not threaten unprotected members of the public. When examining a graffiti incident it is important lớn assess the ability of the substrate lớn withstand the prescribed treatment. If there is any doubt regarding this, then small trial areas should be undertaken to lớn assess the impact of more extensive treatment.

E. A variety of preventive strategies can be adopted to combat a recurring problem of graffiti at a given site. As no two sites are the same, no one phối of protection measures will be suitable for all situations. Each site must be looked at individually. Surveillance systems such as closed circuit television may also help. In cities and towns around the country, prominently placed cameras have been shown lớn reduce anti-social behaviour of all types including graffiti. Security patrols will also act as a deterrent to lớn prevent recurring attacks. However, the cost of this may be too high for most situations. Physical barriers such as a wall, railings, doors or gates can be introduced khổng lồ discourage unauthorised access to a vulnerable site. However, consideration has khổng lồ be given khổng lồ the impact measures have on the structure being protected. In the worst cases, they can be almost as damaging khổng lồ the chất lượng of the envfronment as the graffiti they prevent. In others, they might simply provide a new surface for graffiti.

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F. One of the most significant problems associated with graffiti removal is the need to lớn remove it from surfaces that are repeatedly attacked. Under these circumstances the repeated removal of graffiti using even the most gentle methods will ultimately cause damage to lớn the surface material. There may be situations where the preventive strategies mentioned above vày not work or are not a viable proposition at a given site. Anti-graffiti coatings are usually applied by brush or spray leaving a thin veneer that essentially serves khổng lồ isolate the graffiti from the surface.

G. Removal of graffiti from a surface that has been treated in this way is much easier, usually using low-pressure water which reduces the possibility of damage. Depending on the type of barrier selected it may be necessary to lớn reapply the coating after each graffiti removal exercise.

Questions 14-19

Reading Passage 2 has six paragraphs, A-G.

Which paragraph contains the following information?

Write the correct letter, A-G ,in boxes 14-19 on your answer sheet. NB You may use any letter more than once.

14 why chemically cleaning graffiti may cause damage

15 the benefit of a precautionary strategy on the gentle removal

16 the damaging & accumulative impact of graffiti lớn the community

17 the need for different preventive measures being taken lớn cope with graffiti

18 a legal proposal made to lớn the owner of building against graffiti

19 the reasons of removing graffiti as soon as possible

Question 20-21

Choose TWO letters, A-E.

Write your answers in boxes 20-21 on your answer sheet.

Which two statements are true concerning the removal of graffiti

A cocktail removal can be safer than water treatment 

B small patch trial before applying large scale of removing

c Chemical treatments are the most expensive way of removing

D there are risks for both Chemical và medication method

E mechanical removals are much more applicable than Chemical treatments

Questions22-23

Choose TWO letters, A-E.

Write your answers in boxes 22-23 on your answer sheet.

Which TWO of the following preventive measures against graffiti are mentioned effective in the passage?

A organise more anti graffiti movement in the city communities

B increase the police patrols on the street

c Build a new building with material repelling khổng lồ water

D installing more visible security cameras

E Provide a whole new surface with chemical coat

Questions 24-27

Complete the Summary of the paragraphs of Reading Passage 2.

Use NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 24-27 on your answer sheet.

24 Ancient graffiti is of significance và records the 24................... Of details life for that period.

25 The police can recognize newly committed incidents of graffiti by the signature which is called 25...................that they are familiar with

26 Operatives ought lớn comply with relevant rules during the operation, & put on the suitable 26....................

27 Removal of graffiti from a new type of coating surface can be much convenient of using 27....................